It is normal to experience emotional changes. However, unduly severe pessimism or sadness may be an indication of illness depression.

Causes of depression:

• Familial and genetic influences
• Life/ work stress
• Interpersonal problems
• Maladaptive stress coping strategies (e.g. refusing to face problem, evading problem, using alcohol or medication to numb oneself, being pessimistic, etc.)
• Lack of social support

Common signs and symptoms of depression :
(When they are persistent for over two weeks and affect normal daily functioning)

A. Emotional:

• Sad/ depressed mood
• Loss of interest in ordinary activities or hobbies
• Negative/ pessimistic thinking
• Feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, guilt
• Nervousness, irritability, anxiety

B. Physical:

• Emotional disturbance such as anxiety, sense of insecurity, shame and embarrassment
• Reduced social activities
• Weakened interpersonal relationships as a result of social withdrawal
• Low self-esteem: feeling of low self-worth, helplessness and loss of control
• Reduced sexual activities due to possible embarrassment

C. Cognitive:

• Forgetfulness
• Difficulty in concentrating
• Diminished ability to think
• Loss of self-esteem
• Indecisiveness
• Inappropriate self-blame and guilt
• Suicidal thought

D. Behavioral:

• Withdrawal from social activities
• Psychomotor agitation and/ or retardation
• Untidy or disheveled physical appearance
• Low in energy, inability to enjoy life
• Failure to fulfill duties

Treatment of depression:

• Medication
• Psychotherapy
• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Self-help:

• Regular exercise
• Develop interests/ hobbies
• Active social life
• Good dietary/ eating habits
• Good sleep habits
• Adaptive stress coping strategies (e.g. facing source of stress, sharing worries with family and friends)
• Positive thinking and positive attitude towards life's difficulties

Depression, if left untreated, affects both physical and mental health, or worse, may lead to suicide. Therefore seek help if in doubt; and persuade those who are depressed to get help.